2015 日本教育旅行 Day 1_ 1101 Team1

日本佛教與東大寺

組員：吳昕如、莊善淳、韓濡文、黃暄雅、許傳昌、鄭向廷

一、日本佛教

以大勝佛教為主流，受漢傳佛﷽﷽﷽﷽﷽﷽﷽﷽﷽﷽﷽   佛教的影響而形成，漢傳佛教、上座不佛教、藏傳佛教合稱世界四大佛教傳統。佛教在飛鳥時代傳入日本，奈良時代與平安時代開始發展。

The extant branches of Buddhism is recognized in the Mahayana. Buddhism has been practiced in Japan since at least 552 AD, the arrival of Buddhism in Japan is from China, the development of Buddhism is catagorized:Asuka Period (546 to 645),  Nara Period (645 to 794)Heian Period (794 to 1185), Kamakura Period (1185–1333), Muromachi Period (or Ashikaga) (1336–1573), Azuchi-Momoyama Period (1573–1600) and Edo Period (or Tokugawa)(1600–1868), Meiji Restoration (1868–1912)

1、飛鳥時代

日本佛教初期的建立，歸功於聖德太子的推展。他下詔興隆佛法，創建寺院，親自宣講佛經及著疏，並以佛教為國教。

Asuka Period : Shōtoku, recognized as a great intellectual of this period of reform, was the first person who brought the Buddhism.

2、奈良時代

奈良時代傳承飛鳥時代的護佛政策，以興隆佛教來護國祐民。聖武天皇興建壯麗宏偉的東大寺，鑄造世界有名的奈良大佛，正式確立日本佛教的戒法。

Nara Period: inherit the policy of protecting Buddhism from Asuka Period. Todaiji was also built in this period. Japan’s Buddhism was established firmly since then.

3、平安時代

平安前期的佛教，以最澄和空海從唐朝傳入的天台及真言宗最盛。最澄入唐，兼學密、禪、戒各宗，日本佛教因此具有復合性，融和而成日本特色的天台教。

Heian Period (794 to 1185):Byōdō-in (Pure Land sect), located in Uji, Kyoto
During the Heian period the capital was shifted from Nara to Kyoto. Monasteries became centers of powers, even establishing armies of Sōhei, warrior-monks.

4、鎌倉時代

經過慘烈內戰後，開展了鎌倉幕府時代。在佛教方面，新興宗派紛紛出現，奈良六宗亦有復興之勢，新舊佛教之間產生多元化的互動與影響。

Kamakura Period (1185–1333):The Kamakura period was a period of crises in which the control of the country moved from the imperial aristocracy to the samurai. In 1185 the Shogunate was established at Kamakura.

5、室町時代

由於社會動亂之故，佛教亦由鼎盛而至衰微。唯有禪宗因武士的歸仰及其“明心見性”的宗旨，產生混合禪味的日本茶道、花道、書道和劍道。

Muromachi Period (or Ashikaga) (1336–1573): This period saw the introduction of the two schools that had perhaps the greatest impact on the country: the Amidist Pure Land schools, promulgated by evangelists such as Genshin and articulated by monks such as Hōnen, which emphasize salvation through faith in Amitabha and remain the largest Buddhist sect in Japan; and the more philosophical Zen schools, promulgated by monks such as Eisai and Dogen, which emphasize liberation through the insight of meditation, which were equally rapidly adopted by the upper classes and had a profound impact on Japanese culture.

6、江戶時代

戰國時代的動亂結束後，德川家康在江戶設置幕府，頒行“鎖國政策”，以禁止耶穌教及其他容易引起動亂的活動。德川家康是淨土宗的信徒，因此努力保護佛教。

Edo Period 1600–1868):After the Sengoku period of war, Japan was re-united in the Azuchi–Momoyama period. This decreased the power of Buddhism, which had become a strong political and military force in Japan. Neo-Confucianism and Shinto gained influence at the expense of Buddhism, which came under strict state control. Japan closed itself off to the rest of the world. The only traders to be allowed were Dutchmen admitted to the island of Dejima.

7、明治維新之後

孝明天皇開始“明治維新”。明治天皇在明治元年(1868)頒布神佛分離令，以神道教為國教，迫令僧侶沿用俗姓，甚至鼓勵僧侶食肉帶發娶妻。佛教界因此集合信徒發起“護法一揆” (團結一致)運動來反抗，才獲得停止，但有日本淨土真宗受其影響。

Meiji Restoration till today:During the Meiji period (1868–1912), after a coup in 1868, Japan abandoned its feudal system and opened up to Western modernism. Shinto became the state religion.  Rinzai and Soto Zen chose to adapt, trying to modernize Zen in accord with Western insights, while simultaneously maintaining a Japanese identity. Other schools, and Buddhism in general, simply saw their influence wane. The edict of April 1872 ended the status of the buddhist precepts as state law and allowed monks to marry and to eat meat.

二、奈良國立公園

奈良公園是奈良縣奈良市若草山麓的都市公園。內包含東大寺、梅花鹿公園及春日大社外苑。

Nara Prefecture international park is an urban park, including Todaiji, deer park and Kasuga-taisha.

1、東大寺

東大寺位於日本奈良縣，距今約有一千二百多年的歷史，因建築在當時首都平城京以東，所以被稱作東大寺。東大寺於七二八年由信奉佛教的聖武天皇建立，大佛殿寬五十七米、深五十米、高四十八米，為現今世界上最大的木造結構建築。一九九八年作為「古奈良的歷史遺跡」之組成部份，被聯合國列為世界文化遺產。

Todaiji is located in Japan more than 1200 years.  This archetecture is named from the location of the capital, East of Ping City.  This temple was established by  the San Wu Emperior who is sincere bouhdist. The facade of the Bouhda statue is 5.7 meters width, 50 meters depth, 48 meters height. This temple is the biggest wooden archetecture in the world so far. The composition of the"   Ancient Nara Historical heritage" has already been recorded the World Cultural Heritage by the United Nations.

2、梅花鹿公園

東大寺旁就是梅花鹿公園，再走進東大寺的沿路，可以看到成群的梅花鹿在公園裡逛街。公園裡總共飼養1200頭的梅花鹿。完全不怕人的鹿，沿路上的土產店賣有「鹿仙貝」，是這些鹿的飼料，供遊客購買。只要嗅到鹿仙貝的味道，鹿兒就用鼻尖頂你，十分可愛。

The deers are not afraid of the tourists. Along the souvenir shops which sell " deer snacks", you can buy their food and feed the deers. As soon as the deers smell the snacks, they will touch you by their nose or bite you gentlely, that makes the tourists very happy.

3、春日大社

春日大社是一座位於日本奈良縣奈良市奈良公園內的神社。舊稱春日神社。建於和銅二年（710年）。神社例祭日為3月13日（春日祭）。建設者為藤原不比等。作為古都奈良的文化財的一部分而被登入世界文化遺產之列。為二十二社之一。

Kasuga-taisha is a shrine which located in Nara prefecture. An old saying calls Kasuga shrine. There are four big gods to sacrifice, it’s a shrine of Fujiwara family. The birthday is 13^th March. Kasuga Shrine, and the Kasugayama Primeval Forest near it, are registered as a World Heritage Site as part of the "Historic Monuments of Ancient Nara". It is one of the twenty-two shrines.

在日本神社看到最多的就是水手舍，主要提供參拜者進入祭祀前先在此處洗手、漱口，象徵洗淨不乾淨的事物。按照禮俗順序，通常會在水盤裡放置勺子並注滿清水，參拜者首先用勺子取一瓢水，洗完左右手後，將水倒在手裡漱口，然後再洗一次左手，將勺子中剩下的水來清洗勺子。這樣就完成了標準的程序。

The most famous is washing hand shrine, main provides people to wash hand and rinse the mouth. This represents to clean everything that is uncleaned. According to etiquette and custom’s manner, we will put a spoon in the plate and fill with clean water. People first use a spoon to get a wooden laden of water to wash both left and right hand, then pour the water in your hand to rinse the mouth, then wash again your left hand. The left water in spoon is ised to clean the spoon. This is a proper manner to do in the shrine.

多數神社內還有”繪馬”，類似許願留言板，在許願木板上寫下自己的心願，掛在神社內，便會心想事成喔!

Most of the shrine have “painting horse”, it is sort of a wish message board. Write down your own wishes on the wooden board and hang in the shrine, your wish will soon fulfill!

心得：

一踏上日本，乾燥的空氣，令人感到舒爽，印象最深的是東大寺的鹿，鹿多，又肥，便便更多，這裡的鹿不怕冷，只要手上有食物，就好像化身為鹿媽，被鹿群團團圍住，這是一個常新奇的體驗。

  東大寺比想像中的壯觀，裡面的佛像非常古樸，裡面有根柱子缺了個洞，據說只要鑽的過去的人就會受到祝福，大家躍躍欲試。一旁掛有合格繪馬，同學也去購買繪馬許下考上好大學的心願。今天的行程雖然不多，但充滿新奇，相信接下來的行程也會如此美好。

            When we first step on Japan, the dry air made us felt relax. The most unforgettable was the deer in Todaiji. There were many deer and they are fat. They were not afriad of the cold weather, if we had food in our hand, they would quickly stood around you. This is a very new experience.

            Todaiji was majestic than we thought, the Buddihism inside was very plain. It was said if people could get through the pillar with a hole, their wish would come true. Thus, everybody was very exciting. Around there were boards to write down their wishes. Students made their wishes to entrace a good college. Although today’s schedule wasn’t full, but filled with joyful. We believe the coming schedule will be as wonderful as today’s.