日本天皇、幕府及憲政體制
組員：陳均翰、彭郅軒、蘇韋豪、康皓祖、呂學承
民主的日本天皇是日本皇帝的代稱，神道教的最高領袖，是現在唯一使用皇帝稱號的無權君主，也是日本皇室的象徵。天皇與他的家族沒有姓氏，日本人認為天皇代表著神與國家，現任天皇為明仁天皇。
輔政是指在君主制下，由他人代替君主處理國政。攝政最常見的情況即是君主仍然幼小而不能親自定奪裁批朝政。攝政者多由在位君主的直系親屬擔任職務，如太子或母親。
幕府大致上是以征夷大將軍為領袖，架空日本天皇實權，實質掌握政權，展開軍政統治的一種政治形式。
憲政主義又稱立憲主義，是一種主張國家權力來自並被一部基本法律約束的政治思想、規定公民權利的學說或理念，也是目前部分民主國家的現狀。這種理念要求政府所有權力的行使都納入憲法的軌道，並受憲法的制約，使政治運作進入法律化理想狀態。憲法強調法律具有凌駕於包括政府在內的一切的法治的必要性。
憲政是代議制民主的基礎和保障，同時也是對民主政治的制衡，在憲政國家，政府和公民的行為都是有邊界的，不能互相僭越，政府所代表的行為世界是公部門，相對來說公民的行為世界稱作公民社會。
憲政的根本作用在於防止政府（包括民主政府）權力的濫用（即有限政府），維護公民普遍的自由和權利；傳統上，憲政本身並不直接涉及到政府是否通過民主選舉產生，但現代憲政理論往往與概念密不可分。
Democracy Mikado is said on behalf of the Emperor of Japan, Shinto supreme leader, is now the only monarch has no right to use the title of emperor, but also a symbol of the Japanese imperial family. Emperor and his family no surname, the Japanese believe that the emperor on behalf of God and country, the current emperor Akihito.
Colonial is
under the monarchy, the monarch by others instead of handling state affairs.
Regency is the most common case that the monarch is still young and can not
personally decide the affairs of state grant cut. Acted as regent by the
reigning monarch of the immediate family duties, such as Prince or mother.Tokugawa shogun broadly
based as its leader, overhead Mikado real power, the real master regime
launched a political form of military rule.
Constitutionalism, also known as constitutionalism, is a proposition from the state power by political and ideological constraints of a basic law, the provisions of the civil rights doctrine or philosophy, but also part of the current status of a democratic country. This concept requires the exercise of all the powers of government are included in the Constitution of the track, and subject to the constraints of the Constitution, to make political operations into the law of the ideal state. Have stressed the need for all the constitutional law of the rule of law prevail, including the government.
Constitutional representative democracy is the basis and guarantee, but also for democratic checks and balances, in constitutional countries, the behavior of the government and citizens all have borders, can not jeopardize each other, represent the behavior of world government is a public sector, relatively speaking citizens the behavior of the world known as civil society.
Fundamental constitutional role is to prevent governments (including democratic government) abuse of power (ie, limited government), to maintain the universal freedoms and rights of citizens; traditionally, constitutional government itself is not directly related to whether the democratically elected government, but the modern constitutional theory often inseparable concepts.
心得：
今天一早我們就出發去了大阪城, 傳說中一天就需要兩千六百人力來建造的大阪城呈現在我們面前, 古老的城池, 雄闊的城堡, 都使我們不得不讚嘆當時豐臣秀吉權勢之龐大, 雖然我們沒有機會登上大阪城的天守閣, 但只要看它一眼, 就可以感受到它那凌霄雲上之姿. 歷史的興衰, 人事的輪替告訴了我們世事間的千變萬化，讓我們了解人無法永久保存，要珍惜當下。
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